About this episode

Economies of scale may sound like a big-business concept, but every business owner should understand it. Whether we run a small bakery, a creative business, a theatre company, a social enterprise, or a larger organisation, growth can change the average cost of what we produce or deliver.

In this episode, we explain what economies of scale mean, how they work, why average costs can fall as activity increases, and what businesses need to watch out for when growth happens too quickly. We also look at internal and external economies of scale, practical examples, diseconomies of scale, and how to scale with a clear plan.

What you’ll learn in this episode

What economies of scale mean in simple business terms.
Why average costs can fall as output increases.
How economies of scale apply to small businesses, arts organisations and larger companies.
The difference between internal and external economies of scale.
How fixed costs, bulk buying, equipment and systems can support scale.
Why growing too quickly can create diseconomies of scale.
Practical steps for using economies of scale without losing control.

What are economies of scale?

Economies of scale are the cost savings a business can experience as it grows. In simple terms, when we produce more, deliver more, or use our resources more efficiently, the average cost per product or service can fall.

This does not mean every cost disappears. It means certain costs can be spread across more activity. If the same oven, building, equipment, system, staff structure, or process supports more output, the average cost of each unit can reduce.

That is why economies of scale matter. Lower average costs can give us more choices. We may be able to improve profit, reinvest in the business, strengthen pricing, reward the team, or compete more effectively.

How economies of scale work

The episode uses a simple bakery example. If we make one cake, we need time, energy, ingredients and equipment. If we make twenty cakes at the same time, some costs may not rise at the same rate.

We may use the same oven, similar energy, the same kitchen space, and buy ingredients in larger quantities. The total cost may increase, but the average cost per cake can fall.

This is the key principle. Economies of scale are about spreading costs, improving efficiency, and using resources better as activity grows.

The simple sharing example

The episode also explains the idea using a simple sharing example. If £100 is shared between ten people, each person receives £10. If the same £100 is shared between twenty people, each person receives £5.

In business terms, the same idea applies when certain costs are spread across more products, more customers, more performances, more deliveries, or more services.

The amount being shared may stay similar, but the average cost per unit changes depending on the level of activity.

Why economies of scale matter for business owners

Economies of scale matter because they can help businesses become more efficient and more competitive. If average costs fall, we may have more room to manage pricing, increase profit, improve capacity, or invest in the future.

This is not just for multinational companies. A freelancer, artist, café, theatre company, professional service firm, manufacturer, retailer, or social enterprise can all benefit from understanding how scale affects costs.

For a deeper look at how costs behave as activity changes, our episode on Costs and Operational Gearing: Unlocking Business Insight is a useful follow-on.

Examples of economies of scale

Bakery example

A small bakery may start by buying ingredients from local shops. As it grows, it may buy flour, sugar, packaging and other ingredients in bulk from wholesalers. That can reduce the cost per loaf, cake or product.

Later, the bakery may invest in a larger or more efficient oven. That can allow more products to be baked in the same period of time, reducing the average cost of production.

Theatre company example

A theatre company may spend heavily on the first production. Sets, costumes, rehearsal time, marketing and setup costs may all be needed before the first performance.

If the production runs for longer, or if sets and costumes can be reused, the average cost per performance can fall. As audiences grow, the marketing cost per ticket may also reduce.

Creative and service businesses

Economies of scale can also apply to service and creative businesses. Processes, templates, systems, training, software and reusable methods can reduce the time and cost needed to deliver future work.

However, service businesses must be careful. If every client requires completely bespoke work, scale may be harder to achieve without damaging quality or overloading the team.

Internal economies of scale

Internal economies of scale happen inside the business. These are efficiencies we can influence directly.

Examples include:

buying materials in bulk;
using equipment more efficiently;
training staff to handle more responsibility;
using better systems and processes;
getting more use from a building, venue, restaurant or workspace;
spreading fixed costs over more activity.

The phrase “sweat the asset” is useful here. If we already pay for a building, vehicle, system, or piece of equipment, we need to ask whether we are using it well enough.

External economies of scale

External economies of scale happen because of changes outside the business. These can come from the wider industry, suppliers, infrastructure, location, transport, or market development.

For example, as an industry grows, suppliers may reduce prices, transport may become easier, specialist support may become more available, and the local business environment may improve.

External economies can be useful, but they are usually harder to control. That is why many smaller businesses focus first on internal economies of scale.

Economies of scale and profit

When average costs fall, profit can improve. This does not happen automatically, but it gives the business more options.

We may choose to keep prices the same and make more profit. We may lower prices to become more competitive. We may reinvest the savings into marketing, staff, equipment, systems, or product development.

The important point is that cost savings should support the wider business plan. Lower costs are useful only if they help the business grow sustainably and keep delivering value.

The danger of diseconomies of scale

Economies of scale are not a magic wand. Growth can also create problems if the business expands too quickly or without proper planning.

Diseconomies of scale happen when growth makes the business less efficient. Staff may become overworked, communication may break down, quality may fall, systems may struggle, and costs may rise instead of falling.

The episode warns that growing too quickly can come back and hurt the business. Our related episode on Overtrading: The Hidden Danger of Rapid Business Growth explains why rapid growth without enough cash, capacity or planning can create serious pressure.

Why planning matters before scaling

Scaling usually needs resources. We may need money for equipment, materials, stock, staff, systems, premises, marketing or working capital. If we do not plan those needs, growth can create cash flow problems.

Before scaling, we should think about setup costs, day-to-day operating costs, and the capacity needed to support more activity.

Planning is not only for large organisations. Every business benefits from thinking ahead before taking on more sales, more customers, more production, or more commitments.

Practical steps for using economies of scale

Review your costs and identify which ones stay broadly fixed as activity grows.
Look for areas where bulk purchasing could reduce average costs.
Assess whether equipment, systems or premises are being used efficiently.
Plan growth in stages rather than trying to scale all at once.
Check whether quality could suffer if output increases too quickly.
Consider partnerships or collaboration to increase purchasing power.
Use technology and automation where they save time and reduce waste.
Review cash flow and working capital before expanding.
Watch for signs of diseconomies of scale, such as delays, waste, poor service or rising costs.

Related episodes

Key takeaway

Economies of scale help us understand how growth can reduce average costs and improve business efficiency. When we spread costs across more activity, use resources better, and plan carefully, the business can become more competitive and profitable.

However, growth must be managed. If we expand without enough cash, systems, people, quality control or planning, economies of scale can turn into diseconomies of scale.

If you want to review costs, plan growth or understand how scaling affects your numbers, visit ihatenumbers.co.uk or listen to the related episodes above to build more confidence with your numbers.

Plan it, Do it, Profit.

“Economies of scale are not just about getting bigger. They are about using growth to lower average costs and make better decisions.”

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Episode Timecodes

00:00 – Introducing economies of scale
00:39 – What economies of scale mean
01:01 – Bakery example: spreading costs across more output
01:37 – Simple sharing example to explain average cost
02:12 – How economies of scale apply to different businesses
03:13 – Lower costs, pricing and profit choices
04:57 – Internal and external economies of scale
06:10 – Bakery growth and bulk buying example
07:25 – Theatre company example
08:23 – Limits, bespoke work and diseconomies of scale
09:49 – Practical steps for using economies of scale
11:11 – Final summary and next steps

About the Podcast

The I Hate Numbers podcast helps business owners understand accounting, tax, finance, profit, cash flow, and business planning in a practical way. We simplify financial topics so you can make better decisions and feel more confident with your numbers.

You can also watch more practical finance and tax support on the I Hate Numbers YouTube channel, or listen and follow on Apple Podcasts.

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Economies of Scale: Lower Costs as Your Business Grows